Creationist and Intelligent Design - 1156 Words

For a long time the human races have been leaving in a capsule in which it has been tough that we evolved from monkeys, but with all the technological advance and all the biology breakthrough, great scientists that use to support the theory of evolution and the science field in general have been force to confront an issue that the though they have resolved, the question of the origin of life. Due to the great amount of information like the irreducible complexity system, scientists had to go out looking for an answer to the crucial question of life, and many scientists have come to the same conclusion and result, the theory of evolution do not answer all the question, but what does it? The theory that can answer one of the most important†¦show more content†¦So, Darwin clearly stated that if scientists could find any organisms like the cilia that cannot be the result of evolution, his theory will break down. But to find that the theory of evolution is not really that good of an answer, the normal person without studying anything special just have to read what the own writer of this theory says, Darwin said, â€Å"To suppose that the eye with all its inimitable contrivances for adjusting the focus to different distances, for admitting different amounts of light, and for the correction of the spherical and chromatic aberration, could have been formed by natural selection, seems, I freely confess, absurd in the highest degree.†(Darwins). Even an not educated person can realize the contradiction that Darwin propose to his own theory, if everything evolved from the same ancestor, everything, the eye should have evolved from there too, but he said that it is absurd to think that the aye could have evolved. The poor support even from the father of the theory of evolution leads to the conclusion that this theory was not complete; therefore, it can be rule out of the debate. Like theShow MoreRelated`` Alien Notion `` By Chip Rowe1246 Words   |  5 PagesRowe writes about the attempts of creationist to bring God into public schools. According to Chip Rowe, after the Supreme Court ruled that teaching biblical creationism in public school is a violation of church and state, creationist have been divided into two groups. One group called â€Å"young earthers† believe a literal interpretation of Genesis in the Bible, while the other group developed a new way to â€Å"sneak God into the classroom† by creating intelligent design or as Rowe describes it â€Å"creationismRead MoreCreationism vs. Darwinism: A Comparative Analysis1530 Words   |  6 Pagesbasis for creationist beliefs. Additionally, Darwinism is explored and the differences between Creationism and Darwinism are analyzed. Despite overwhelming evidence that supports the existence and validity of Darwinism, there are still arguments made that attempt to discredit evolution. The battl e between Creationists and Darwinists extends beyond science and religion and has proliferated academia. Although this issue has often been presented before the courts at a federal level, Creationists have repeatedlyRead MoreCreationism : Creationism And Creationism1193 Words   |  5 Pagestold through many different stories. All around the world there are arguments on what is right and wrong when it comes to creationism. There are different ways to look at creationism. There’s young earth creationism, old earth creationism, intelligent design, and theistic creationism. The first known use of creationism was in 1880. In a washington post poll studies found that 58% of Americans believe in creationism, while 42% believe in evolution. Different types of creationism can have differentRead MoreDarwin’s Theory of Natural Selection Versus Creationism Essay741 Words   |  3 Pages Obviously we have outgrown a strictly creationist lens, but has religion become complet ely obsolete? Does spirituality have a real place amongst the scientific tenets of evolutionary theory, or is it merely a crutch that we lean on? Can God and Darwin co-exist? The constantly mounting collection of evidence for evolution by natural selection is almost impossible to ignore. However, there is a neo-creationist school of thought, called intelligent design, attempting to modernize the concept ofRead MoreScience Of Biology And The Greatest Conflict1316 Words   |  6 Pagesreligion and thousands if not millions would die because Sara sent her handmaiden, Hagar, to Abraham’s bed and conceived Ishmael. Conflict has defined humankind since the dawn of time and the greatest conflict has been: how did it all begin? Intelligent Design is yet another challenger to creationism and evolution as its proponents believe that it has the best answer to the dilemma of origination. The conflict began because of the science of biology and the need to educate young men and women. TheRead MoreIntelligent Design Essays1315 Words   |  6 PagesIntelligent design also referred to as ID is a concept that has its early origins from 4th century BC in the works Timaeus by Plato were he describes a supreme wisdom and intelligence as the creator of the cosmos. In the Metaphysics Aristotle furthers developed the idea of a natural creator of the cosmos. One of the most famous ideas for intelligent design today comes the 13th century where Thomas Aguinas described the concept of design as the fifth of five proofs for the existence of God in hisRead MoreDarwinists and Dissenters1535 Words   |  7 Pagespoint much greater than those who argue in favor of Intelligent Design. In this essay, four arguments will be presented; two that are pro-Darwin and two which are pro-Intelligent Design. Each of these arguments will be evaluated based on their assumptions, logical structur e, and uses of evidence. Having said that, before these arguments can be discussed, the reader must first have a basic grasp on the two main theories, Darwinism and Intelligent Design, which is how this paper will begin. In orderRead MoreShould Creation be Barred from Science Classrooms?1335 Words   |  5 Pages However, the argument that creation is an acceptable scientific alternative to evolution is fundamentally flawed; the terms â€Å"theory† and â€Å"science† are garishly misused by creationists attempting to validate their viewpoints with little to no regard for the words’ actual meanings. In addition, the conflict between creationists and evolutionists has led to many legal and political struggles through the decades of conflict between the two ideologies. Points of law used by both sides range from nationalRead MoreCreationism And Evolutionism - Explaining Life1344 Words   |  6 PagesEvolutionism lies in the fact that one defends that all species were created by God and the other believes that from one form of life the others appeared, but if analyzed carefully, these two theories can coexist by reviewing a third theory, Intelligent Design. Since the ancient Greek, humans have shown interest in unraveling how the earth and the first forms of life emerged. One of the prominent theories in this area is called Creationism. Creationism defends that all forms of life were createdRead MoreThe Debate of Orgin: Creationsim versus Evolutionism992 Words   |  4 PagesIn the beginning, God created the Heavens and the Earth. Or so it said. Then this mystical being, this Intelligent Designer, went on. He made the sun and the moon, the sea and the lands, and all the beasts of the planet. Then, he concluded with man. All this creation in 6 short days. Everything that we know, everything that we are, is supposedly derived from this short span of mass design. However, this information is quite contradictory to what modern science tells us. And that, in and of itself

Essay on A Comparison of Two Television Advertisements

A Comparison of Two Television Advertisements Television is the most important medium for advertising, and advertising is a vital component of traditional TV business models. It has always been difficult to assess the benefits of TV advertising as advertisers have traditionally had only a vague idea of who may have seen a particular advert and the actual impact on them. However, they can try and target an audience specifically e.g. time, channel of advert, etc. Most channels gain over 50% of their revenue from TV advertising firms. Without TV adverts, we probably wouldn’t buy half the products that are on show in shops. TV advertising also generates millions of pounds for TV channels, and this†¦show more content†¦Repetition is a good device to use for adverts as it creates a lasting memory effect in the viewer’s mind. The vehicles are all of bright colours e.g. red, white and blue. Bright colours are also useful as they can commonly create a positive link with the viewer’s perception. Once the v oice-over has counted to 3, then the other vehicles start to drive off in different directions. As this happens, music is introduced into the advertisement. This is touch sensitivity by the fall. This song is happy and joyful. It has a guitar melody playing alongside with the cars movements. We see the cars doing various manoeuvres and trying to hide as the vehicles are playing hide and seek. This ‘game’ between the vehicles creates a fast paced advert; another device commonly used by companies which can either create a good or bad effect depending on other various factors such as music, background colour and product. The first impression is effective because it instantly has the attention of the viewer. The catchy music plays a big role, but also with a lot of cars moving around fast and close together it is easy for viewers to remember. The cars are seen ‘hiding’ in various places such as a lift, a supermarket and a rubbish skip. By using common places o f public interest, the viewers can easily identify themselves with the product. The way the vehicles manoeuvreShow MoreRelatedSocietal Standards of Feminine Beauty Essay783 Words   |  4 Pagespresented in all forms of popular and alternative media, bombarding women with images that portray the ideal body. Such standards of beauty are almost completely far-fetched for most women. A majority of the celebrities and models seen on television and in advertisements are well below what is considered normal for American women. â€Å"The average American woman is 5’4† tall and weighs 140 pounds, while the average American models is 5’ 11† tall and weighs 117 pounds. Most fashion models are thinner thanRead MoreThe Effect Of Advertising On A Customers Self Esteem1497 Words   |  6 PagesThe influence of advertisement on a customer’s self-esteem is a vital issue companies must address when deciding how to present their product to the public. In fact, emo tions triggered through branding can greatly impact product sales and customer loyalty (Park et al. 2010 cited in Malà ¤r et al. 2011, p.35). Women in particular are prone to react sensitively when exposed to images of the ‘ideal female beauty’ standard in the media (Pihas et al., 1999, p. 225). Therefore, this essay will examine theRead More Television Advertisement789 Words   |  4 PagesTelevision can be used to demonstrate the product in action, or to use colour and sound to build an atmosphere around the product, thus enhancing its image (Fahy Jobber, 2006). The emphasis for this thesis will be television advertisements, because of the many elements of television, sound, colour, sight and motion that aid the presentation of the message. Also the fact that Brassington and Pettitt (2000) argue that television is better for creating an advertisement message with emotional appealsRead MoreThe Effects Of Television On Our Society881 Words   |  4 Pagesshe ordere d after watching its advert on television. I looked at her with a contemptuous smile, and said â€Å"You Wish†. She started explaining to me how in the advert her favorite singer lost 25 lbs. in just two weeks by using this overpriced herbal formula. After two weeks, I visited her to see the awaited wonder, but I realized that she is one of the victims of lured advertisements, which are now part of our everyday life. We see advertisements on the television showing new glamorous lifestyles, hearRead MoreSchool Age Is The Perfect Time For Children916 Words   |  4 Pageshealthy food choices once they enter school (Rees, 2004). By the age of two, children can stipulate to their parents whether or not they like certain types of food. According to (Roberto, Baik, Harris, and Brownell, 2010), children can indicate to their parents what types of cereal or snack they prefer due to the commercials they have seen on television. According to Galst and White (1980), the more a child views marketed television and commercials, the more requests the child will make while in theRead MoreAnalysis of an Image-Based Advertisement: McDonalds1420 Words   |  6 PagesImage Based Advertisement 1.The image based advertisement is a form of communication intended to appeal to customers through the help of visual elements. These visual based elements refer to the text of the advertisement, to the images portrayed by it, to the colors used in it, and others. The text of the advertisement is able to appeal viewers in several manners. It is the actual words that have great impact on viewers. In other words, the meaning of the text, the message that is communicatedRead MoreAnalysis Of Jean Kilbourne s Killing Us Softly 4 Discussion At The Tedxlafayette Conference Essay1549 Words   |  7 PagesThe long history of advertisement and its featured meanings have enduringly created the standards in society. The displays they entail create a desire for its viewers to conform to the images presented therefore denying the reality to achieve profit. From the choice of clothes, romantic relations, and even the structure of the frame, our decisions are tuned to what is displayed through these advertisements. Consistently, the display of women as desirable objects has created correlations to socialRead MoreBaseball Is Not Dying?1151 Words   |  5 Pagesof these assumptions, and the reasonings that they provide are dead wrong. Low national Television ratings, declining attendance, a dwindling number of youth participants, and a shrinking revenue are just a few of the reasons that they cite for baseball’s deaths. The sad thing about theses assumptions is that the majority of them are all wrong, and not well researched. Baseball may have low national television ratings, but there has been a recent success in the national ratings, and constant growthRead MoreThe Media Has Become The World’S Main Source Of Information1328 Words   |  6 Pagesas well as creating certain roles for ethno- racial groups. The roles of the groups are defined through the program itself and the moreover the advertisement, this works hand in hand to shape the ethnic identity of different races and creeds in society. However, the more effective of the two components to shape identity is the advertisement. Advertisements are textual and semiotic products of the society in which and for which they are produced. Ads reveal something about the advertisers but alsoRead MoreDepiction Of Women During Advertisements And Socia l Media1274 Words   |  6 PagesThe truth of the matter is that women dominate the usage of social media, but that doesn t mean that they should be depicted anything other than the hardworking, daring, extraordinary people they are. The debate over the depiction of women in advertisements and social media is a prominent topic today. Women are increasingly becoming bolder members of society, breaking barriers that many thought could not be broken. For instance, with more than half of Canadian and U.S women working outside the home

Public finance Free Essays

string(438) " enactment of PPA 2004 was aimed at addressing the deficiencies of the old legislation\(s\), by enforcing the best practices and professional standards of inancial Management and control of Public properties and resources It is because of this important historical background that TENDERING as a Procurement Method is accorded Importance by the Act due to its openness, efficiency, economy, and as far as Public Expenditure is concerned\." The researcher by introduction which includes background to the problem, Statement of the problem, Research questions, Objective of the study, Significance of the study, and the scope and limitation of the study. In the second chapter there is literature review, both theoretical and empirical literature review in which there are some terms defined with relevant theories. The third chapter explains about now the study wick be conducted and techniques that will be used in conducting the research study The third chapter shows and explains the schedule of activities, references and bibliography. We will write a custom essay sample on Public finance or any similar topic only for you Order Now The fourth chapter give much details of the research topic by answering the research questions both specific and general research questions. It gives a detailed information gathered during the research period so as to give the real situation of the Ministry in relation to the research topic. The last fifth chapter gives the conclusion and recommendation of the researcher in the research area in relation to the research topic whether the Ministry conduct the situation satisfactory and if there are some added criteria in order to improve the situation in the research area. CPSP: Certified Procurement and Supplies Professional. MTB: Ministerial Tender Board NBMM: National Board for Materials Management PPA : Public Procurement Act IAA: Institute of Accountancy Arusha Head of Department HOD. PMU. Procurement Management Unit NGO: Non Governmental Organization . United States of America USA’ CICA. Competition in Contracting Act : Member of the Parliament MP The Ministry of Infrastructure Development (MID) Head Office is located at the City Centre in Dar-es-salaam at llala Municipal, Pamba Road (Tancot House). The name was officially launched in 1995 and was formerly known as Ministry of works. The ew ministry is the combination of the former Ministry of Works and the Ministry of Communication ; Transportation. It is headed by the Minister Hon. Mr. Andrew Chenge (MP), assisted by Hon. Dr. Maua Daftari (MP) and Dr. Makongoro Mahanga as Deputy Ministers. The ministry of Infrastructures Development is split into two Divisions, namely: 1. Transport Division 2. Communication Division After the introduction of PMS in the year 2003,the ministry adopted a new vision and mission, the proposed functions and structures has put into the new vision, mission and objectives of the ministry. The overall responsibilities of MolD is to structure the transport and communication Infrastructure that is well maintained, providing safe and efficient environment that is friendly and affordable to all parts of Tanzania and one that integrates all modes of transport and communication system economically. Vision of the Ministry: The vision of the ministry is to have efficient and cost effective domestic and international communication and Transport meteorology service to all segments of the population and sectors of National economy with maximum safety and minimum environmental Degradation. Mission of the Ministry: The mission of the Ministry is to have safe, effective and efficient transport and communication and meteorological infrastructures and operations which best meet the socio-Economic needs by improving levels of services at lower costs in a manner which support Government strategies for economically and environment sustainability. Objectives of the Ministry: In order to fulfill the above vision and mission of the sector, the ministry has got the following objectives: To facilitate the provision of adequate, affordable and efficient transport and communication and meteorology infrastructure and services with aximum safety and minimum environment degradation. To ensure a conducive environment for investment in the sector. To improve revenue collection from transport, communication and meteorology service rendered by the sector. To harmonize transport, communication and meteorology standards to those of regional and international groups in which Tanzania is a member. To improve services and reduce HIV/AID Intection. Functions of the Ministry. The general function of the Ministry of Communications and Transport are: To initiate and coordinate polices, objectives and strategies on road, railway, pipeline, arine, air transport, posts and Telecommunications. Oversee and co-ordinate performance standards. Monitor and evaluate overall performance contracts. To commercialize and privatize the parastatals in the transport and communication sector The organizational structure of the MolD In order to achieve the objectives, the ministry implements the objectives using five specialized departments at the Head quarter, three regulatory and three Executive agencies: Specialized Departments at the Head Quarters: Department of Administration and Personnel Department of Transport and Communication Department of Accounts and Finance Central Transport Licensing Authority. Regulatory Bodies: Tanzania Civil aviation Authority Tanzania Communication Regulatory Authority Surface and Marine Regulatory Authority Executive Agencies: Tanzania Airport authority Tanzania Government Flight Agency Tanzania Meteorological Agency. 1. 1 Background to the study Tendering is the method of procurement where by Suppliers, Contractors, and Consultants are invited by procuring entity to compete each other in submitting priced tenders for goods, works, or services (PPA 2004). It is the most popular method recommended by the Act due to its openness, transparency, efficient, and Economy. The history of Procurement Legislation in Tanzania of which tendering found its origin can be traced as far back to 1961 when the Exchequer and Audit Ordinance No. 21 of 1961 was enacted as a Legal mechanism for the purpose of controlling the Public Procurement and Supplies activities. Five years later i. e. 1965 the financial Order part Ill (Stores Regulation 5th Edition 1965) was enacted by the parliament as the guideline to the public Fund by Government officials. Due to the weakness of the old legislation, there was a number of studies carried out in the Country funded by the World Bank to review the Public Procurement System hich eventually found that there was a need for more effective legislation to govern Procurement in the Public Sector to repeal and replace the Exchequer ; Audit Ordinance of 1961, and consequently, Public Procurement Act No. 21 of 2001 came into the e ttect to cater tor the detlciencies ot the old legislations. The enactment of PPA 2001 was only part of the on going Public Procurement reforms. These reforms resulted into the enactment of the PPA 2004 which repealed PPA 2001. The enactment of PPA 2004 was aimed at addressing the deficiencies of the old legislation(s), by enforcing the best practices and professional standards of inancial Management and control of Public properties and resources It is because of this important historical background that TENDERING as a Procurement Method is accorded Importance by the Act due to its openness, efficiency, economy, and as far as Public Expenditure is concerned. You read "Public finance" in category "Papers" Good practice of tendering reduces total transaction costs and produce timely result, and efficiency use of resources, Poor practice of tendering led to waste and delays and often the cause of allegation of corruption and inefficiency (MasanJa 2004). It follows that the Public Sector particularly the Ministry of Infrastructure Development hould realize the values for money procurement and tendering, among other methods, it must be done in accordance to the existing procedures. 1. 2 Statement of the problem The service oriented organization has a core interest to attain vision and mission. Public Sector in Tanzania, Ministry of Infrastructure Development being one of it, is there to deliver better services to the society, in other hand it spent about 80% of the National Budget on the procurement of goods, Services and works. On realization of this truth the Government has enacted the procurement laws as the guide to ensure roper utilization of Pubic Funds. One feature of procurement laws is open/unrestricted tendering characterized by fairness, transparency, and economy. The procedure requires some steps to be accomplished before the contract for delivering of goods, services or execution of work is awarded to the prospective bidder. Open tendering is the most popular procurement method envisage by the Public Procurement Act No. 3 of 2004. It follow that the role of effective open tendering procedures and regulation is to ensure that the system is operated in such away that it reduces the transaction costs, fficiency use of the resources available, efficiency utilization of the time required, and ensure that the system is understood and can be handled by the concerned parties properly. This will Justify the proper use of Public Fund and the attainment of Entitys objectives. The efficiency and adequacies of tendering procedures and quality performance is the end result realization. This is to say that if open tendering is adhered and administrated according to the laid down effective procedures and regulation the end result will be quality of goods, works and services delivered. 1. 3 Research Questions 1. 3. 1 General Question Is open Tendering as a procurement method in Public Sector e 71 32 Specitlc Questions O Are the people involved in procurement? I. e. members, the knowledge of Public Procurement Act 2004? Ministerial Tender Board PMIJ member and HOD have O Are the procedures and Regulation as directed by PPA for open tendering adhered by tender board members or tender evaluation committee or the PMIJ? O Are the tender documents prepared using standard tendering documents as issued by PPRA ? O Can lack of training and understanding of PPA 2004 and their respective regulations contribute to the ineffectiveness of tendering as procurement method? . 4 Study Objectives 1. 4. General Objective The general objective of the study is to evaluate factors that affect the effectiveness of open tendering as procurement method in Public Sector. 1. 4. 2 Specific Objectives OTO find out whether the procedures and regulations used for open tendering in the Public Sector are inline with PPA requirements OTO evaluate whether those people i. e. PMU, CTB,;HOD are well involved in the procurement and have the knowledge of the PPA and Regulations. OTO find out whether the lack of procurement capacity in Public Sector contributes to the ineffectiveness of open tendering. OTO check out hether tender documents are prepared according to Standard Tendering Documents and other guidelines (if any) issued by PPRA. 1. 5 Significance of the Study This study has shown clearly problems involved in tendering process including as well as factors hindering proper adhering procedures in Public Sectors. The study may attract the government, donors and NGOs on the need to build Procurement Capacity in the Public Sectors in Tanzania. On the other hand, this study has further served as guidelines for the future reference for those intending to study on procurement laws notably in the area of tendering transactions. . Scope and Limitation of the study his study has been conducted at the Ministry of Infrastructure Development Head Office, which is located in Dar-es-salaam City at llala Municipal. The study has based specifically on such areas as Procurement and Purchasing section, Tendering section and Supplies section. The study has examined the factors affecting the ef fectiveness of open tendering as procurement method in the Public sector. The coverage included system of procurement in tendering process, tendering documents and prospective laws applied. During the research period the researcher expected the following limitations: O On the Job training took a lot of time for researcher to do other work which has no relation with the researcher topic so time for research has beeen limited to acquire the required data through interviews and questionnaires. (J Some ot the employees that the researcher managed to nave spot interview they became reluctant to give what is real practiced in the organization in fear that the information collected can be presented to the management and investigation can be made to the concerned staff. Successful Tender â€Å"Means a tender selected by the procuring entity as; offering the lowest evaluated cost in case the method of procurement used was competitive tendering or being the most responsive to the needs of procuring entity if the procurement method used as competitive quotations, single sources procurement, competitive selection or where goods or services are of minor value†. Supplier â€Å"Means company, corporation organization, partnership, or individual person supplying goods, or services, hiring equipment or providing transport services and who is according to the contract is a potential party with the procuring entity’ Tender â€Å"Means offer, proposal or quotation made by a supplier, contractor, or consultant in response to a request drawn by a procuring entity’ Works â€Å"All works associated with the construction, reconstruction, demolition, repair or enovation of a building structure, road or airfield†. Lowest Evaluated Costs ‘Means the priced offered by supplier, contractor or consultant that is found to be the lowest after consideration of all relevant factors and the calculation of any weighing for these factors, provided that such factors have been specified in the tender document†. 2. 3 Theoretical basic of the study. Mhilu (2006) in his paper presented during the 21st NBMM Professional Annual Conference contended that an open tendering is the preferred way to promote open and effective competition. He however agreed on the need to bring a balance etween tendering cost and the benefit received, he further enumerated circumstances where open tendering may not be the preferable method to include if; O There is Justification for single source or emergence procurement or OThe cost of an open tendering exceed direct savings that might be enjoyed or OThere are other benefits foregone by using another procurement method. The World Bank guideline (1999) maintained that the objective of tendering is to attain both the classical and contemporary procurement objectives that include transparent and all aspects contributing towards proper administration of tender, hese are proper goods, works and services of right price, through authorization and in a transparent manner. The guideline further continue that, competitive bidding or tendering is the most effective method in attaining the above mentioned objective when properly administered. i Open Tender This is tendering process which is done through open advertisement through widely circulated media such as newspapers of wide circulation. Through the advertisement a procuring entity states its requirements through specification and terms of purchase. Potential suppliers / Contractors Consultants respond to the How to cite Public finance, Papers

Laws and policies affect family life free essay sample

â€Å"Examine the ways in which laws and social policies affect family life† To start with a social policy is an initiative or plan that the government would put in place to try and fix a problem or to make a positive change in society. Various political and social groups have different opinions on social policies, for example in the UK conservatives are very right wing and as of the moment Mr Osborne is proposing to save  £10billion by making cuts across the board in its welfare fund. The Labour party however would be unlikely to make such drastic cuts if they were in office. This essay will explore marriage and divorce, the welfare state and domestic abuse policies. Marriage affect many families, the government has a number of laws to control people behaviour inside marriages for example marriages must be monogamous (You can only be married to one person at a time) Governments tend to encourage marriage as they believe the nuclear family is the ideal environment to bring up children, couples receive tax credits and other benefits this also discourages divorce, Marxists would believe that this is the governments way of supporting capitalism, by encouraging people to marry it means they remain a productive asset that they can continue to exploit. We will write a custom essay sample on Laws and policies affect family life or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The new right would agree that the nuclear family is the best place to bring up a family but would not want to give tax credits or any other financial encouragement as they believe that its best to keep out of peoples affairs. Feminists would feel this is another way of oppressing women, by using financial means to discourage divorce the women may feel as though they are trapped in the relationship especially if they have to support outside the family. Divorces where first made legal in 1857 although at that time they where incredible hard to get however changes in divorce laws in the late 1960s made divorces much easier and since then divorce rates have been steeply rising. Functionalists and the New Right think that divorce is a bad thing and believe once there is marriage between two people this marriage should be permanent. Both perspectives see males and females as having different roles in the family, the male – earns the wages and the woman – Cares for and brings up the children on top of the housework whilst the man is working. These perspectives, believe that this is the right way for the family to be and that single parent families are wrong because they have not got one of the parental figures around, they feel single parent families are wrong because they lack the support you get from having 2 adults. Feminists  would disagree with this view and would say that women are exploited by men, both in the workforce and at home, and seen as figures in relationships who are there to please men’s needs after being at work. Marxist Engels states â€Å"The housewifes position is one of glorified prostitution Engels (1902)† Feminists see this as one explanation to the dramatic increases of divorce, they say women don’t want to be in a relationship where they are exploited. Feminists also believe that the government offer benefits that are not available to different types of couples such as cohabiting couples; they see this as the government’s way of encouraging marriage and discourage any other ways of living they feel this is causing less people to have a divorce even though they may not be happy. Welfare state, the welfare state is the system where benefits are given to those who are entitled or qualify for them, for example the job seekers allowance where the government gives you money if you are searching for a job. Marxists see this as supporting capitalism because if the proletariat are working for the bourgeoisie they are being actively exploited by being grossly underpaid for the services. This happens because the Bourgeoisie own the means of work. The welfare state appease the poor and makes the Proletariat feel as though they are being well treated but its just a smoke screen to stop them seeing the bigger picture, Its a tool used by the government to prevent class consciousness and revolution. The new right disagrees with this view and in fact sees it a weakening the family because they feel the families become over reliant on the generous benefits the welfare state grants them new labour although it has similar views as new right feels that the welfare system is a good way to support and encourage young people to work. Feminists have the independent view that the benefit system only supports the patriarchal nuclear family and neglects all other forms of family. When men get benefits they feel this weakens the women’s position because the man is in control of his wages and the benefit. However feminists also feel the benefits women do get â€Å"more maternity leave† and â€Å"control of child benefits† are trying to cement the view that women should be staying at home and looking after the children. The government has laws that are designed to protect all members of the family from domestic abuse, this is achieved by social services taking children out of dangerous families or the police will remove the violent family members, there are also various programmes and  counselling available to try and fix family problems to maintain stable family life. It is hard to depict how successful theses measures are as many domestic abuse cases go unreported due to fear, embarrassment and love. So even though the government provides services such as counselling and social services its unlikely we will ever know the true extent of domestic abuse because we don’t know what goes on behind closed doors. Liberal Feminists would believe that the safeguards put in place are a step forward to protecting women however Radical feminists would feel that it was not enough and moor should be done to help protect women. Marxists are not opposed to sanctions put in place to help protect the family. To conclude i would say social policies effect families in positive and negative ways, while the new right believe that social policies should favour the nuclear families while feminists and Marxists feel that the government need to recognize other family types such as cohabiting couples and gay couples and make laws which benefit them.